Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering

Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering

Behavior of Tunnels against the Reverse Faulting Deformations Using Centrifuge Test and Numerical Modelling

Document Type : Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

Authors
Hamid Tohidifar
Mojtaba Moosavi
Mohammad Kazem Jafari
International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran
10.48303/jsee.2019.240811
Abstract
The permanent ground deformation during the earthquake faulting induces moderate to severe damages to the underground tunnels. The majority of the investigations on the behavior of the tunnels against fault offset were in the rock medium. There is very little available in the literature about the fault-tunnel interaction in alluvial soil. This paper has studied the interaction between a continuous tunnel and reverse faulting within a dense sandy alluvial deposit. An experimental centrifuge test, alongside the numerical modelling, has been utilized for this purpose. It has been shown that the longitudinal strains of an infinite tunnel were much higher than that of a finite length tunnel. The results have also displayed that there are critical cross-sections along the tunnel's length that maximum curvatures, moments, shears, and axial forces occur in them. The numerical parametric study on the variation of the Fault Zone Width (FZW) and reinforcement content (rs) have shown that higher rs values would be more useful in tunnel resistance against faulting. Besides, smaller FZW will make higher deformations, moments, and forces in the concrete lining. The optimum rs value has been obtained as 4%.
Keywords
Tunnel
Alluvium
Reverse fault rupture
Centrifuge modelling
Numerical modelling
  1. Hashash, Y.M., Hook, J.J., Schmidt, B., John, I., Yao, C. (2001) Seismic design and analysis of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 16, 247-293.
  2. Hashash, Y.M., Park, D., John, I., and Yao, C. (2005) Ovaling deformations of circular tunnels under seismic loading, an update on seismic design and analysis of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 20, 435-441.
  3. Anastasopoulos, I., Gerolymos, N., Drosos, V., Kourkoulis, R., Georgarakos, T., and Gazetas, G. (2007) Nonlinear response of deep immersed tunnel to strong seismic shaking. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133, 1067-1090.
  4. Anastasopoulos, I. Gerolymos, N. Drosos, V. Georgarakos, T. Kourkoulis, R., and Gazetas, G. (2008) Behaviour of deep immersed tunnel under combined normal fault rupture deformation and subsequent seismic shaking. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 6, 213-239.
  5. St John,C. and Zahrah, T. (1987) Aseismic design of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2, 165-197.
  6. Owen, G.N. and Scholl, R.E. (1981) Earthquake engineering of large underground structures. Federal Highway Administration and National Science Foundation.
  7. Wang, J. (1993) Seismic design of tunnels: a state-of-the-art approach, monograph, monograph 7. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas Inc, New York.
  8. O'Rourke, T.D. (1984) Guidelines for Tunnel lining Design. Technical Committee on Tunnel Lining Design of the Underground Research Council of the ASCE Technical Council on Research, p82.
  9. Lawson, A.C. (1908) The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906. Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  10. Takahasi, R. (1931) Results of the precise levellings excuted in the tanna railway tunnel and the movement along the Slicken-side that appeared in the tunnel. Earthquake Research Institute Bulletin, 9, 435-453.
  11. Dowding, C.H. and Rozen, A. (1978) Damage to rock tunnels from earthquake shaking. ASCE J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 104, 175-191.
  12. Kupfer, D.H., Muessig, S., Smith, G., White, and Arvin-Tehachapi, G.N. (1955) Earthquake damage along the Southern Pacific railroad near bealville, California. California Div., Mines Bull., 171, 67-74.
  13. Tsuneishi, Y., Ito, T., and Kano,K.-I. (1978) Surface faulting associated with the 1978 Izu-Oshima-kinkai earthquake. Bulletin of Earthquake Research Engineering, 53, 649-674.
  14. Konagai, K., Kunimatsu, S., Ueta, K., Uehan, F., Onizuka, N., Kiku, H., Suzuki, T., Nakase, H., Nozu, A., Matsushima, Johansson, T.J., Chen, C.-H., Lee, W.F., and Mei, T. (2006) Key Points for Rational Design for Civil-Infrastructures Near Seismic Faults Reflecting Soil-Structure Interaction Features. Technical Committee for Fault-Related Geotechnical Issues about
  15. Civil-infrastructures, Japan Geotechnical Society (JGS).
  16. Russo, M., Germani, G., and Amberg, W. (2002) Design and construction of large tunnel through active faults: a recent application. Proceedings International Conference of Tunneling and Underground Space Use, Istanbul.
  17. Burridge, P.B., Scott, R.F., and Hall, J.F. (1989) Centrifuge study of faulting effects on tunnel. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 115, 949-967.
  18. Kiani, M., Akhlaghi, T., and Ghalandarzadeh, A. (2016) Experimental modeling of segmental shallow tunnels in alluvial affected by normal faults. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 51, 108-119.
  19. Cai, Q., Peng, J., Ng, C.W., Shi, J., and Chen, X. (2019) Centrifuge and numerical modelling of tunnel intersected by normal fault rupture insand. Computers and Geotechnics, 111, 137-146.
  20. Baziar, M.H., Nabizadeh, A., Lee, C.J., and Hung,W.Y. (2014) Centrifuge modeling of interaction between reverse faulting and tunnel. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 65, 151-164.
  21. Lin, M.-L., Chung,C.-F., Jeng,F.-S., and Yao,T.-C. (2007) The deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust faulting and its impact on underground tunnels. Engineering Geology, 92,110-132.
  22. Barrell, D., Litchfield, N., Townsend, D., Quigley, M., Van Dissen, R., Cosgrove, R., Cox, S., Furlong, K., Villamor, P., and Begg, J. (2011) Strike-slip ground-surface rupture (Greendale Fault) associated with the 4 September 2010 Darfield earthquake, Canterbury, New Zealand. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 44, 283-291.
  23. Blanchard, F. and Laverty, G. (1966) Displacements in the Claremont water tunnel at the intersection with the Hayward fault. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 56, 291-294.
  24. Brown, I. and Brekke, T. (1980) Some aspects of the behaviour of tunnels that cross active faults. Third Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand, Wellington, N.Z., 189-194.
  25. Caulfield, R.J., Kieffer, D.S., Tsztoo, D.F., and Cain, B. (2005) Seismic design measures for the retrofit of the claremont tunnel. RETC Proceedings California.
  26. Lange, S., Mason, H.B., Scott, M.H., and Ashford, S.A. (2018) Analysis of concretelined tunnels crossing active faults. Nor th
  27. American Tunneling 2018 Proceedings.
  28. Shen, Y., Gao, B., Yang, X., and Tao, S. (2014) Seismic damage mechanism and dynamic deformation characteristic analysis of mountain tunnel after Wenchuan earthquake. Engineering Geology, 180, 85-98.
  29. Wang, Z., Gao, B., Jiang, Y., and Yuan, S. (2009) Investigation and assessment on mountain tunnels and geotechnical damage after the Wenchuan earthquake. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, 52, 546-558.
  30. Yashiro, K., Kojima, Y., and Shimizu, M. (2007) Historical Earthquake Damage to Tunnels in Japan and Case Studies of Railway Tunnels in the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake. Quarterly Report of RTRI, 48, 136-141.
  31. Brown, I., Brekke, T., and Korbin, G. (1981) Behaviour of the Bay Area Rapid Transit Tunnels through the Hayward Fault. Final
  32. Report to the US Department of Transportation. Report No. UMTA-CA-06-0120-81-1.
  33. ASCE (1984) Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems. American Society of Civil Engineers, Committee on Gas Liquid Fuel Lifelines.
  34. ALA (2005) Seismic Guidelines for Water Pipelines. American Lifelines Alliance.
  35. Hung, J., Monsees, J., Munfah, N., and Wisniewski, J. (2009) Technical manual for design and construction of road tunnels-civil elements. Prepared for the US Department of Transportation. Publication No. FHWA-NHI-10-034.
  36. Power, M., Fishman, K.L., Makdisi, F., Musser, S., Richards Jr, R., and Youd, T.L. (2006) Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway
  37. Structures: Part 2-Retaining Structures, Slopes, Tunnels, Culverts and Roadways. Technical Report MCEER-06-SP11, MCEER, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.
  38. Baziar, M.H., Nabizadeh, A., Khalafian, N., Lee, C.J., and Hung, W.Y. (219) Evaluation of reverse faulting effects on the mechanical response of tunnel lining using centrifuge tests and numerical analysis. Geotechnique, 1-13.
  39. Mamaghanian, N., Jafari, M.K., and Kamalian, M. (2012) Effects of the tunnel presence on the pattern of the reverse faulting development on the ground surface. The First National Conference on Urban Construction in the Vicinity of Active Faults.
  40. Ma, Y., Sheng, Q., Zhang, G., and Cui, Z. (2019) A 3D discrete-continuum coupling approach for investigating the deformation and failure mechanism of tunnels across an active fault: a case study of xianglushan tunnel. Applied Sciences, 9, 2318.
  41. Shahidi, A. and Vafaeian, M. (2005) Analysis of longitudinal profile of the tunnels in the active faulted zone and designing the flexible lining (for Koohrang-III tunnel). Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 20, 213-221.
  42. Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., and Gao, B. (2012) Seismic behaviour of the tunnel across active fault. The 15th Wor ld Conference on Ear thquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, 24-28.
  43. Karamitros, D., Bouckovalas, G., Kouretzis, G., and Gkesouli, V. (2011)An analytical method for strength verification of buried steel pipelines at normal fault crossings. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31, 1452-1464.
  44. Kennedy, R.P., Chow, A., and Williamson, R.A. (1977) Fault movement effects on buried oil pipeline. Transportation Engineering Journal of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 103, 617-633.
  45. Newmark, N.M. and Hall, W.J. (1975) Pipeline design to resist large fault displacement. Proceedings of US national Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 416-425.
  46. Tohidifar, H., Moosavi, M., and Jafari, M.K. (2019) Nonlinear analysis of the surface faulting effects on the buried pipelines using the finitedifference and multi-variable Newton methods. Bulletin of Earthquake Science and Engineering, Accepted for Publication.
  47. Fib (2013) Fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib). Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Germany.
  48. McCormac, J.C. and Brown, R.H. (2013) Design of Reinforced Concrete. 9th Ed., Wiley.
  49. TEC (2016) Tunnel Engineering Committee, Standard Specifications for Tunneling - 2016:Cut-and-Cover Tunnels. Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Tokyo, Japan.
  50. Eurocode2 (2004) Design of Concrete Structures: Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. British Standards Institution and European Committee for Standardization.
  51. ITA (2000) International tunnelling association, working group No. 2: guidelines for the design of shield tunnel lining. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 15, 303-331.
  52. ITA (1988) International tunnelling association, working group on general approaches to the design of tunnels: guidelines for the design of tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 3, 237-249.
  53. ACI318 (2014) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14): Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-14). ACI Report, American Concrete Institute. ACI.
  54. Gere, J. and Timoshenko, S. (1997) Mechanics of Materials. PWS-KENT Publishing Company. 51. Wells, D.L. and Coppersmith, K.J. (1994) New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and
  55. surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 84, 974-1002.

  • Receive Date 22 December 2019
  • Revise Date 19 October 2022
  • Accept Date 26 December 2020
  • Publish Date 01 May 2019